on this spud and an associated pipe (Emerson, 1996), notes, "While Sutter did not record provenience on these items, ..and it is possible he limited his collection to the general American Bottoms locality, ..and this raises the interesting possibility that the spud...may have been recovered from the Cahokia site." Four spuds are known to have come from the American bottoms. Perino reported two from the central area of the Cahokia site, while Pauketat wrote about one more from the Soucy Cemetery in the present-day village of Cahokia (Pauketat, 1983). After Sutter's death the majority of his collection was donated to the Madison County Historical Museum. Afew of his most important items, including the spud and pipe, were kept by the family and later dispersed.   Another spud found in Arkansas a few years before the Sutter piece, the Thibault Spud, also has an interesting story. The Thibault spud was found by J. K, Thibauit in the mounds on his property prior to 1883. In that year, Edward Palmer, working for the Mound Exploration Division of the Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology, was in Arkansas surveying mounds and collecting artifacts (Jeter, 1990). During his travels Palmer visited J. K, Thibault at his home along the Arkansas River, southeast of Little Rock in Pulaski County. In Palmer's journal he records that during the visit Thibault donated fourteen fine specimens of pottery and four crania from his diggings in the mounds on his property. "The gentleman presented me with several specimens for the National Museum. He has some rare painted specimens of pottery and some with curious inlaid ornamentations. He has also some curiously shaped specimens of pottery and some pipes, shell beads, the finest ever seen by me, and a curious paddle shaped implement made of slate. (Jeter, 285-6).  Although Palmer wanted the paddle-shaped implement, Thibault declined to give it up and kept it in his private collection. Later it passed to one of his daughters, who married F. T. Gibson of Little Rock.  The Thibauit Spud remained in the Gibson family for a hundred years.   Both the Sutter and Thibault spuds are interesting examples of Mississippian ceremonial artifacts. They are two more pieces to fit in the puzzle of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, helping us to understand a little more of that culture.·          BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, James A. 1996 The Spiro Ceremonial Center, Vol. 2, Ann Arbor, Pp.447-8, figure 2-78 Clements, Forrest E. and Burnet, E. K. 1945 The Spiro Mound Collections in the Museum, contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Vol. XIV plates XVII & XVIII. Emerson, Thomas E., 1996 The Svehla Elbow P~j~e and Spud: Mississ~ppian Sacra, from the Sutter Collection.  Tennessee Anthropologist, XXI, 2, (Fall 1996), Pp. 124-131.

Silhouettes of some of the more famous spuds from top down: spud from Spiro Mound in LeFlore County, Oklahoma; The "Grove Spud," from St. Clair County, Illinois,  the Sutter spud from the American Bottoms in Illinois; the Spiro Mounds spud from LaFore County, Oklahoma; the Soucy Cemetery Site spud, from St. Clair County, Illinois; and the Thibault Spud from Pulaski County, Arkansas. Graphic by Boy Hathcock.   Griffin,JamesB. 1952 An Interpretation of the Place of Spiro in Southeastern Archaeology.      The Missouri Archaeologist, XIV, Oct. 1952. Hothem, Lar 1989 Indian Ares and Related Stone Artifacts, Pp.112-117.      Collector Books. Jeter, Marvin D. 1990 Edward Palmer's Arkansas Mounds, University of Arkansas Press. Perino, Gregory 1964 The Grove Spud, Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 1, Pp. 4-6 1967 Some Acquisitions by the Gilcrease Institute, CSAJ Vol. 14-2, Pp 64-68. Phillips, Philip and Brown, James A.      1975 Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings. Peabody Museum. Waring, A. J. and Holder, Preston 1945 A Prehistoric Ceremonial Complex in the Southeastern United States. American Anthropologist Webb and Dodd, 1939 Gahagan Mound, Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Palentological Society, 11:90-128.